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A notable event of this period, according to the Secret History tr.

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Cleaves, pp. Some of these were later, during the expansion of the Mongol empire, to become great generals. After this Mongol expansion and the great conquests began; whether as a means of preserving the newly won unity, because of climatic conditions, or as a result of the adoption of an ideology of world rule, is uncertain and much disputed see, e.

After several expeditions against the Hsi Hsia, the Chin empire was first invaded in This made war inevitable. The great Transoxanian cities, Bukhara and Samarkand, fell and were sacked. According to the contemporary historians the province was devastated, its cities razed to the ground, and its people massacred in the millions. Raverty, II, p.

Such statements should not be taken too literally, however. Qanat s were left to decay as peasants fled the onslaught, and irreparable damage to irrigated land could, through neglect as much as through deliberate destruction, occur quite quickly.